Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the fear of pregnancy scale: a translation and validation study.

Introduction: Many women experience fear toward pregnancy, which can impact their desire to have children and the national birth rate. Thus, assessing women's fear of pregnancy is of great importance. However, there is currently no specialized tool for assessing women's fear of pregnancy in China. The purpose of this study is to translate the Fear of Pregnancy Scale into Chinese and test its reliability and validity among women of childbearing age. Methods: Using convenience sampling combined with a snowballing method, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 886 women of childbearing age in two cities in China. The translation was strictly carried out according to the Brislin model. Item analysis, validity analysis, and reliability analysis were employed for psychometric assessment. Results: The Chinese version of the Fear of Pregnancy Scale comprises 28 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted four factors with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 72.578%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed: NFI = 0.956, CFI = 0.986, GFI = 0.927, IFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.032, and χ2/df = 1.444. The scale's Cronbach's α coefficient is 0.957, split-half reliability is 0.840, and test-retest reliability is 0.932. Conclusion: The Chinese version of the Fear of Pregnancy Scale possesses robust psychometric properties and can assess the degree of pregnancy fear among Chinese women of childbearing age. It provides a reference for formulating relevant policies in the prenatal care service system and implementing targeted intervention measures.

A Study of Elderly Patients' Preference for "Internet + Nursing Service" Based on Discrete Choice Experiments.

Objective: To investigate the preference of elderly patients for "Internet + Nursing Service", so as to provide reference for accurately matching their service needs. Methods: Based on discrete choice experiments, the elderly patients' "Internet + Nursing Service" choice preference questionnaire was prepared, and 410 elderly patients were interviewed face-to-face. The Conditional Logit Model was used for quantitative analysis of the experimental data. Results: The six attributes included in the study had a significant impact on the elderly patients' preference for "Internet + Nursing Service" (P < .05). Among non-economic attributes, "medical insurance reimbursement ratio -70%" has the highest utility (.263, P < .001), with "hospital size - larger (.205, P < .05)" and "medical insurance reimbursement ratio -50%" (.188, P < .05) ranking second and third, respectively. The relative importance of the attribute of medical insurance reimbursement proportion is the highest (26.44%), and the relative importance of service content is the lowest (9.78%). If the proportion of medical insurance reimbursement increases from 30% to 70%, patients are willing to pay 202.9 yuan, and the probability of choosing "Internet + Nursing Service" increases by 6.1%. Conclusion: Patients prefer to choose a higher proportion of medical insurance reimbursement, a larger medical institution, a higher level of nurses, low single service costs, a basic package, and "Internet + Nursing Service" led by the government and hospitals. Improvement of the price and medical insurance payment policy is recommended, along with the enhancement of the ability of primary nursing services, strengthening of the management of Internet enterprise platforms, and scientific assessment of the needs of patients for personalized nursing services.

Metal-Organic Gel Leading to Customized Magnetic-Coupling Engineering in Carbon Aerogels for Excellent Radar Stealth and Thermal Insulation Performances.

Metal-organic gel (MOG) derived composites are promising multi-functional materials due to their alterable composition, identifiable chemical homogeneity, tunable shape, and porous structure. Herein, stable metal-organic hydrogels are prepared by regulating the complexation effect, solution polarity and curing speed. Meanwhile, collagen peptide is used to facilitate the fabrication of a porous aerogel with excellent physical properties as well as the homogeneous dispersion of magnetic particles during calcination. Subsequently, two kinds of heterometallic magnetic coupling systems are obtained through the application of Kirkendall effect. FeCo/nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) aerogel demonstrates an ultra-strong microwave absorption of - 85 dB at an ultra-low loading of 5%. After reducing the time taken by atom shifting, a FeCo/Fe3O4/NC aerogel containing virus-shaped particles is obtained, which achieves an ultra-broad absorption of 7.44 GHz at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.59 mm due to the coupling effect offered by dual-soft-magnetic particles. Furthermore, both aerogels show excellent thermal insulation property, and their outstanding radar stealth performances in J-20 aircraft are confirmed by computer simulation technology. The formation mechanism of MOG is also discussed along with the thermal insulation and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of the aerogels, which will enable the development and application of novel and lightweight stealth coatings.

A highly selective ratio-metric fluorescent sensor for visualizing nitroreductase in hypoxic cells.

Herein, we have developed a novel single-molecular probe (NORP) for selective and accurate determination of NTR in living cells. It was discovered that up-regulation of endogenous NTR occurred in response to hypoxic stimulation, and there was a dependence between the NTR levels and the degree of hypoxia.

The correlation analysis between organizational justice, knowledge-hiding behaviour and Nurses' innovation ability: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyse the correlations among organizational justice, knowledge-hiding behaviour and nurses' innovation ability. DESIGN: A descriptive and cross-sectional design and the data were collected using questionnaires. METHODS: Demographic information, professional data, innovation capacity scales, knowledge-hiding scales and organizational justice scales were used in this study. Using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analyses, we compared the differences and examined the correlations between participants' demographic and innovation capacity scales, and knowledge-hiding scales and organizational fairness scales. RESULTS: We received 1486 valid responses, with an effective response rate of 96.68%. We found team role, nursing age, number of training, literature-reading habits, organizational justice, information justice, fair distribution and deaf knowledge-hiding as the influencing factors of nurses' innovation. Nurses' sense of organizational fairness negatively correlated with knowledge concealment and positively correlated with innovation ability. Moreover, knowledge hiding negatively correlated with nurses' innovation ability. Furthermore, knowledge-hiding plays a partial intermediary role between organizational fairness and nurses' innovation ability.

Six-year follow-up outcomes of the P(LLA-CL)/Fg bio-patch for anterior vaginal wall prolapse treatment.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: There were few data about the long-term outcomes of bio-compatible patches for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The efficacy of poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) blended with fibrinogen [P(LLA-CL)/Fg] bio-patches were investigated for anterior vaginal wall prolapse treatment in a 6-year follow-up. METHODS: The P(LLA-CL)/Fg bio-patch was fabricated through electrospinning. Nineteen patients with symptomatic anterior prolapse (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification [POP-Q] stage ≥ 2) were treated with anterior pelvic reconstruction surgery using a P(LLA-CL)/Fg bio-patch and were followed up at 1, 2, 3, 6 months, and 6 years. The primary outcome was objective anatomical cure (anterior POP-Q stage ≤ 1). Secondary outcomes included complications, MRI evaluation, and scores of the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7) and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20). RESULTS: The micro-morphology of the bio-patch resembled the extracellular matrix, which was suitable for the growth of fibroblasts. Sixteen (84.2%) patients were finally assessed, with a mean follow-up of 6.08 ± 0.18 years. The cure rate without anterior prolapse recurrence was 93.8% at 6 years. Compared with baseline, the POP-Q measurements of Aa, Ba, and C points and scores of PFIQ-7 and PFDI-20 manifested significant differences at all times (all p < 0.05). One (5.26%) case of bio-patch-related infection, 1 (5.26%) case of urinary retention, and no exposures and erosion occurred. MRI evaluation showed that the bio-patch gradually degraded to fragments at 1 month and was completely absorbed at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Among long-term follow-ups, anterior pelvic reconstruction surgery with a P(LLA-CL)/Fg bio-patch demonstrated significant improvements in anatomical correction of anterior pelvic prolapse and pelvic function without severe morbidity.

A survey on federated learning: challenges and applications.

Federated learning (FL) is a secure distributed machine learning paradigm that addresses the issue of data silos in building a joint model. Its unique distributed training mode and the advantages of security aggregation mechanism are very suitable for various practical applications with strict privacy requirements. However, with the deployment of FL mode into practical application, some bottlenecks appear in the FL training process, which affects the performance and efficiency of the FL model in practical applications. Therefore, more researchers have paid attention to the challenges of FL and sought for various effective research methods to solve these current bottlenecks. And various research achievements of FL have been made to promote the intelligent development of all application areas with privacy restriction. This paper systematically introduces the current researches in FL from five aspects: the basics knowledge of FL, privacy and security protection mechanisms in FL, communication overhead challenges and heterogeneity problems of FL. Furthermore, we make a comprehensive summary of the research in practical applications and prospect the future research directions of FL.

Evaluation of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents With Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders: A Retrospective Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide an evaluation of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in hospitalized adolescents with major depressive and bipolar disorders by examining its treatment outcomes as well as comparing it with outcomes of hospitalized patients, treated as usual (TAU). METHODS: This is a retrospective study based on medical records documented between April 2011 and December 2017 from Beijing An Ding Hospital. Patients were diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision . The study included 288 inpatients, with 2 groups of 171 patients treated by ECT and 117 TAU. The primary outcome was measured using the severity subscale of Clinical Global Impression. Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, and linear regression with mixed models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Symptom severity reduced significantly for both groups ( ß = -0.62, t975.93 = -20.54, P < 0.001). The TAU group was associated with lower score on the severity subscale of Clinical Global Impression ( ß = 0.28, t980.32 = 8.36, P < 0.001). The ECT group had a higher remission rate (28.65%) than the TAU group (16.24%), but the time required for remission was longer ( U [ NECT = 49, NTAU = 19] = 615, z = 2.10, P = 0.04). Adverse events of ECT were barely observed. CONCLUSION: Electroconvulsive therapy is an efficacious and safe treatment for adolescents. However, as the superiority in efficacy was not evident in ECT group, its prescription should be prudently considered for younger patients who respond well to other treatments.

Characteristics of oral microbiome of healthcare workers in different clinical scenarios: a cross-sectional analysis.

The environment of healthcare institutes (HCIs) potentially affects the internal microecology of medical workers, which is reflected not only in the well-studied gut microbiome but also in the more susceptible oral microbiome. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional cohort study in four hospital departments in Central China. Oropharyngeal swabs from 65 healthcare workers were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The oral microbiome of healthcare workers exhibited prominent deviations in diversity, microbial structure, and predicted function. The coronary care unit (CCU) samples exhibited robust features and stability, with significantly higher abundances of genera such as Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, and Streptococcus, and a lower abundance of Prevotella. Functional prediction analysis showed that vitamin, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolisms were significantly different among the four departments. The CCU group was at a potential risk of developing periodontal disease owing to the increased abundance of F. nucleatum. Additionally, oral microbial diversification of healthcare workers was related to seniority. We described the oral microbiome profile of healthcare workers in different clinical scenarios and demonstrated that community diversity, structure, and potential functions differed markedly among departments. Intense modulation of the oral microbiome of healthcare workers occurs because of their original departments, especially in the CCU.

Preparation of green luminescent silicon quantum dots by synergistic method for VB12 detection and antimicrobial property research application.

The studies on the preparation of high-quality and long-wavelength-emitting silicon quantum dots and their application in biochemical detections have attracted increasing interests from researchers. In particular, the exploration of the effect of SiQDs and their complex in antibacterial and inhibition of biofilm areas, is of great significance to human health. This paper reports the fast synthesis of green-fluorescent SiQDs (TC-SiQDs, QYs=25%, Em=520 nm) with the synergistic effect of thiourea and catechol through microwave-assisted one-step hydrothermal route. Based on internal filtering effect, TC-SiQDs were then successfully employed as selective probes to detect vitamin B12, with detection range at 0.05-30 µM and limit of detection at 50 nM. Thanks to the excellent biocompatibility and fluorescence property of TC-SiQDs, they have been applied in bacterial imaging. The prepared TC-SiQDs also exhibit certain antibacterial ability with their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) at 250 µg/mL, but their inhibitory ability is effective to the growth of S. aureus biofilm only when the concentration reaches 1.3 mg/mL. TC-SiQDs-lysozyme complex were prepared, based on the effects of singlet oxygen, charge effect and lysozyme hydrolysis of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, the complex exhibits high inhibiting activity with MIC against S. aureus at 10 µg/mL and exhibits superior inhibition activity against S. aureus biofilm at a concentration of only 62.5 µg/mL. This paper provides good theoretical and practical basis for the synthesis of long-wavelength emission and ultra-bright SiQDs and their applications in detection, antibacterial and biofilm growth inhibition, and other biomedical fields.

A self-ratiometric and selective electrochemical sensor for the detection of tyrosinase in mouse brain homogenate.

In this work, we developed a new organic electrochemical probe, 4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenol, for the determination of tyrosinase. The designed probe contained a 4-hydroxybenzyloxy moiety for the specific determination of Tyr and a terminal alkyne group for chemical adsorption onto the electrode surface. The oxidation peak of the phenolic group from Pyyp decreased but increased for o-diphenol or o-quinone generated after the reaction between Tyr and Pyyp. The present sensor demonstrated a good linearity with Tyr activity in a dynamic range of 1.0-30 U mL-1. The limit of detection was as low as 0.28 ± 0.12 U mL-1. Moreover, this sensor demonstrated high selectivity for Tyr determination against metal ions, amino acids, ROS and neurotransmitters due to the specific recognition of Tyr. Finally, the developed sensor with high accuracy, high selectivity and long-term stability was successfully applied for evaluating Tyr activity in normal brain homogenate and brain homogenate with Parkinson's disease.

Migration and diffusion characteristics of air pollutants and meteorological influences in Northwest China: a case study of four mining areas.

In the process of exploiting mineral resources, dust enters the environment through air suspended particles and surface runoff, which has a serious impact on the atmospheric environment and human health. From all-year and seasonal scenarios, the migration trajectories and cumulative concentration based on the secondary development of Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) in four mining areas (SF, BC, SJZ, and MJT) in Northwest China are studied. The convergent cross mapping (CCM) method is used to study the causal relationship between concentration and meteorological factors. In this process, the problem of missing non-station meteorological data is solved with the help of the inverse distance weighted interpolation method, and the problem in which the convergence requirements of the CCM algorithm cannot meet the requirements is solved with the bootstrap method. The results indicated that the short path has the characteristics of slow movement, short migration path, low altitude(< 1 km), and high contribution rate, while the long path has the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the concentration is centered on the pollution source and diffuses around, with a diffusion radius of 220-270 km, showing a serious pollution center and slight gradient settlement on the edge, but the overall distribution of accumulated concentration is uneven. The results also show that temperature (TEMP and S_TEMP), evaporation, and air pressure are the main meteorological factors affecting the all-year concentration. The concentration and meteorological factors in the four mining areas also show significant seasonal characteristics, and the correlation in spring, summer, and autumn is stronger than that in winter. This study not only provides a reference for the green and sustainable exploitation of mineral resources but also provides theoretical support for the joint prevention and control of transboundary pollution.

Flow cytometry and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling to detect the cell cycle dynamics of Phaeodactylum tricornutum under light.

Cell cycle studies in plants and algae are highly dependent on reliable methods for detecting cellular DNA replication. With its short growth cycle and ease of genetic transformation, Phaeodactylum tricornutum is an important model organism for the study of pennate diatoms. Here we explored two different methods to detect the cell cycle of P. tricornutum, one using SYBR-green I to via flow cytometry, and the other using EdU labeling to observe cell cycle changes under fluorescence microscopy. Both EdU labeling fluorescence microscopy and SYBR-green I staining flow cytometry accurately indicated that the cells of P. tricornutum enter the G2/M phase after 12 h of light exposure. The results indicate that SYBR Green I was an adequate detection method for nuclear DNA quantitation in cells of P. tricornutum using a flow cytometer and without RNase A treatment. In addition, EdU can be applied to P. tricornutum to reliably detect cell proliferation. Besides, Mg-ProtoIX was able to reverse the cell cycle division inhibition of P. tricornutum and allow the nuclear DNA replication to proceed normally. Taken together, the photoperiodic division time point was clearly identified, which sheds light on the regulation of cell division mechanism in P. tricornutum.

M2 macrophagy-derived exosomal miRNA-26a-5p induces osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have always been a heated research topic in bone tissue regeneration and repair because of their self-renewal and multi-differentiation potential. A large number of studies have been focused on finding the inducing factors that will promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Previous studies have shown that macrophage exosomes or miRNA-26a-5p can make it work, but the function of this kind of substance on cell osteogenic differentiation has not been public. METHODS: M2 macrophages are obtained from IL-4 polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages. Exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of M2 macrophages and identified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, and DLS. Chondrogenic differentiation potential was detected by Alcian blue staining. Oil red O staining was used to detect the potential for lipogenic differentiation. And MTT would detect the proliferative capacity of cells. Western blot was performed to detect differential expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins. RESULTS: The results showed that M2 macrophage exosomes will promote bone differentiation and at the same time inhibit lipid differentiation. In addition, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes have the function of promoting the expression of SOX and Aggrecan suppressing the level of MMP13. The exosome inhibitor GW4689 suppresses miRNA-26a-5p in M2 macrophage exosomes, and the treated exosomes do not play an important role in promoting bone differentiation. Moreover, miRNA-26a-5p can enable to promote bone differentiation and inhibit lipid differentiation. miRNA-26a-5p can promote the expression of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), RUNX-2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), OPN(osteopontin), and Col-2(collagen type II). Therefore, it is speculated that exosomal miRNA-26a-5p is indispensable in osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that M2 macrophage exosomes carrying miRNA-26a-5p can induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells to inhibit lipogenic differentiation, and miRNA-26a-5p will also promote the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins ALP, RUNX-2, OPN, and Col-2.

Insights into the gold(I)-catalyzed intermolecular annulations of alkynes with N-allenamides: a mechanistic DFT study.

The mechanism of Au(I)-catalyzed intermolecular annulation of 2-(1-alkynyl)-2-alken-1-one with N-allenamide was carefully elucidated using density functional theory (DFT). The reaction is initiated by the binding of the Au(I) catalyst with 2-(1-alkynyl)-2-alken-1-one rather than with N-allenamide. The key intermediate, a gold all-carbon 1,3-dipole species, is revealed to be more reactive than the gold allylic carbocation. The influence of ligands and substituents was rationally analyzed. We believe that our study will provide deeper mechanistic insights into the chemoselective reactions of alkynes with N-allenamide.

The dynamic change of urinary selenium concentration during pregnancy and influencing factors: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Selenium concentration of one spot urine sample cannot reflect selenium status during whole pregnancy. Studies on variations of urinary selenium concentration at different stages of pregnancy are limited. AIM: To assess variations of urinary selenium concentrations during three trimesters of pregnancy and to explore the influencing factors. METHODS: This study included 2613 pregnant women from a birth cohort study (Wuhan, China) enrolled between October 2014 and October 2016. Selenium concentrations of urine samples collected at three trimesters were measured. We used a generalized linear mixed effects model to observe the changes in urinary selenium concentration during pregnancy and its influencing factors. RESULTS: The median value (range) of gestational weeks at urine sample collection was 11 (9-14), 24 (15-27), and 34 (28-41) respectively. Urine selenium concentration varied across trimesters (geometric mean: 16.34, 17.65 and 18.83 µg/g creatinine, respectively), with an upward trend (ß = -0.145, 95%CI: -0.164, -0.126) (ß = -0.066, 95%CI: -0.083, -0.048). The concentrations of urinary selenium increased with the increasing of educational level [ß (95%CI): ≤ 9 years = -0.105 (-0.163, -0.047); 10-12 years = -0.086(-0.126, -0.047); > 12 years = reference]. Pregnant women who rarely or only took multivitamins in the first trimester [ß (95% CI): rarely = -0.076 (-0.144, -0.007); only in the first three months of pregnancy = -0.104 (-0.170, -0.038); always = reference], or were not exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy（ߠ= -0.093, 95% CI: - 0.173, - 0.014), or exercised three to four days per week for the first three months before delivery（ߠ= -0.074, 95% CI: - 0.140, - 0.008) had lower urinary selenium concentrations. Pregnant women who took calcium supplements after the third month of pregnancy had higher urinary selenium levels（ߠ= 0.114, 95% CI: 0.059, 0.169). CONCLUSIONS: Urine selenium concentrations of pregnant women showed an upward trend across trimesters. Educational level, calcium or multivitamin supplementation, passive smoking, and physical exercise might impact urine selenium levels.

D-ribose: Potential clinical applications in congestive heart failure and diabetes, and its complications (Review).

The quality of life of patients with certain diseases may be improved through the development of technologies and advancements in pharmacology, with the aim of prolonging their life. However, congestive heart failure (CHF), as well their complications, continue to be the leading cause of disease-associated death. The mechanisms underlying the development and progression of diabetes and CHF have been uncovered in a stepwise manner and the understanding of these mechanisms has improved the management of these diseases, resulting in reduced mortality and morbidity rates; however, CHF remains the leading cause of death worldwide, particularly in developed countries. In the past decades, research has indicated that several supplements and naturally occurring compounds may be used to treat muscle weakness, for cardiac failure management, rehabilitation following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and various complications of diabetes. D-ribose is an essential component of the respiratory, skeletal and nervous systems and is a popular compound, as its supplementation may have beneficial effects. In the present review, the physiological roles, toxic reactions and the potential use of D-ribose in the management of clinical diseases are summarized.

Multilocus Sequence Typing of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains From the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains were a type of epiphytic bacterium widely used in fermented foods and products in the biochemical and pharmaceutical industries but data on its presence in foods from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China was scarce. In this study, molecular analysis based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with eight housekeeping genes (pyrG, groeL, rpoB, recA, uvrC, murC, carB, and pheS) was carried out on 45 L. mesenteroides strains isolated from different plants and dairy products from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The objective of this study was to perform genetic diversity analysis and explore the relationship between strains and isolate samples or separate regions. A total of 25 sequence types (STs) were identified with a diversity of up to 55.6%, which were grouped into one clonal complexes (CCs), 3 doublets and 17 singletons by eBURST. The results of minimum spanning tree and clustering analysis indicated these L. mesenteroides strains from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were relatively weakly related to the isolated region. However, there was a close relationship between the genotypes of L. mesenteroides strains and the type of the isolated sample, which was consistent with the results of API 50CH. The MLST scheme presented in this study provides a shareable and comparable sequence database and enhances our knowledge of the population diversity of L. mesenteroides strains which will be further used for the selection of industrial strains.

Rapid and low-temperature synthesis of N, P co-doped yellow emitting carbon dots and their applications as antibacterial agent and detection probe to Sudan Red I.

The preparation of long-wavelength emitting carbon dots (CDs) with good antibacterial function and biosensing ability through element doping method is the hotspot of present researches. This paper reports the rapid synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped long wavelength-emitting CDs (N, P-CDs, λem = 530 nm) under low reaction temperature (30 min, 60 °C). This method used glucose, polyethyleneimine and phosphoric acid as raw materials, and each raw material worked multi-functionally during the synthesis process. The impacts of raw materials and reaction parameters upon optical properties of prepared N, P-CDs have been studied, and the synthesis mechanism has been discussed. Meanwhile, N, P-CDs were used as antibacterial material with minimum inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at 7.5 µg·mL-1 and 0.5 mg·mL-1 respectively. The prepared CDs were also used to realize fluorescence imaging of S. aureus, and work as fluorescence probe to detect Sudan Red I with limit of detection at 43 nM.